Wednesday 21 May 2008

SEC propose Internet comparison shopping of mutual funds

The Securities and Exchange Commission today voted unanimously to formally propose that mutual fund investors get access to key information about fees, performance, and strategies through interactive data, which would permit comparison shopping among thousands of funds with all the ease of conducting an Internet search.

The SEC's proposal would require funds to label data in their public filings using computer tags similar to the bar codes that identify products at stores or packages in the mail. The labeling would allow investors to instantly access and compare investment objectives and strategies, risks, performance, and costs for more than 8,000 mutual funds at the click of a mouse.

"This exciting new technology will enable investors to instantly analyze and compare not just two or three mutual funds, but hundreds or even thousands, and to quickly focus on the particular funds that are right for them," said SEC Chairman Christopher Cox. "Investors will no longer need to wade through lengthy documents to find the relevant details needed to compare funds one at a time."

Andrew J. Donohue, Director of the SEC's Division of Investment Management, said, "This proposal would, if adopted, create an interactive database of key mutual fund information that will enable investors to more easily analyze and compare cost, performance, and other key information across the more than 8,000 available mutual funds. Together with the Commission's recently proposed summary prospectus, this proposal has the potential to transform information access for mutual fund investors."

Mutual funds already have been submitting information to the SEC in interactive data format on a voluntary basis. The SEC's rule proposal would require all mutual funds to provide data-tagged information beginning with registration statement filings that become effective after Dec. 31, 2009. A mutual fund also would be required to post the interactive data on its Web site, if it maintains one.

Mutual funds seeking a head start on data tagging can participate in the SEC's voluntary program for the submission of interactive data. More information is available at: http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/xbrl.shtml. When the SEC's interactive data pilot program began in 2005, it initially covered the financial statements of corporate filers. The program was expanded to cover key mutual fund information in August 2007.

Investors can give mutual fund interactive data a "test drive" by using the Mutual Fund Reader on the SEC Web site to analyze and compare visual charts and graphs of key mutual fund information that has been voluntarily submitted using data tags.

Last week, the SEC proposed a similar rule to help investors by requiring public companies to provide financial information using interactive data beginning next year for the largest companies and within three years for all public companies.

Public comment on the SEC's proposed rule should be received by the Commission no later than August 1.

Wednesday 14 May 2008

SEC proposes provide new technology to investor

The Securities and Exchange Commission today voted unanimously to formally propose using new technology to get important information to investors faster, more reliably, and at a lower cost.

At the center of the SEC proposal is "interactive data" — computer "tags" similar in function to bar codes used to identify groceries and shipped packages. The interactive data tags uniquely identify individual items in a company's financial statement so they can be easily searched on the Internet, downloaded into spreadsheets, reorganized in databases, and put to any number of other comparative and analytical uses by investors, analysts, and journalists.

The proposed rule would require all U.S. companies to provide financial information using interactive data beginning next year for the largest companies, and within three years for all public companies.

"This is all about bringing investors better, faster, more meaningful information about the companies they own," said SEC Chairman Christopher Cox. "It would transform financial disclosure from a 1930s form-based system to a truly 21st century model that taps the power of technology for the benefit of investors."

John White, Director of the SEC's Division of Corporation Finance, said, "These steps will represent real progress, both for SEC filers and investors. All of the technology is coming together to make electronic filing a true analytical tool. The staff has gathered valuable experience during the almost three years that public companies have been submitting interactive data in our voluntary filer program. This helps give us a strong foundation for moving forward."

Conrad Hewitt, the SEC's Chief Accountant, said, "Accounting is the business language of the world, and interactive data will become an easy and reliable technology to improve that language worldwide, just like many other tools available on the Internet. The SEC's Advisory Committee on Improvements to Financial Reporting has been studying the benefits of interactive data and has proposed that the Commission proceed with a mandatory adoption schedule. Over the long term, preparers are expected to benefit through better internal management information and applications, and investors will benefit with improved analytical methods to analyze financial information."

Corey Booth, SEC Chief Information Officer, said, "Interactive data represents the logical next step in the evolution of company disclosure, just as HTML and Internet access were the next logical step a decade ago. And like a decade ago, this move will usher in a quantum leap in helping companies explain their business to investors."

David M. Blaszkowsky, Director of the SEC's Office of Interactive Disclosure, said, "Information — meaningful, accurate, timely, easy-to-use financial reporting — always has been the driver of commerce and markets. This proposal provides the critical regulatory framework by which interactive data will make financial reporting more easily and quickly available, and help transform the relationship between filer and investor."

Since 2005, companies have voluntarily submitted to the SEC financial information in interactive data format. The rules proposed today would require companies to provide this information according to a phase-in schedule.

The SEC's proposed schedule would require companies using U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles with a worldwide public float over $5 billion (approximately the 500 largest companies) to make financial disclosures using interactive data formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) for fiscal periods ending in late 2008. If adopted, the first interactive data provided under the new rules would be made public in early 2009. The remaining companies using U.S. GAAP would provide this disclosure over the following two years. Companies using International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board would provide this disclosure for fiscal periods ending in late 2010. The disclosure would be provided as additional exhibits to annual and quarterly reports and registration statements. Companies also would be required to post this information on their websites.

The required tagged disclosures would include companies' primary financial statements, notes, and financial statement schedules. Initially, companies would tag notes and schedules as blocks of text, and a year later, they would provide tags for the details within the notes and schedules.

Companies filing under the proposed rule that use U.S. GAAP will use upgraded data tags issued April 28, 2008, by XBRL US, Inc. that were developed based on U.S. GAAP and on the review of hundreds of actual SEC filings. The SEC's EDGAR system will accept test filings using a February 11 version of these tags later this month, with the final April 28 version of the tags becoming usable in June. In addition, an interim system is expected to be announced shortly that will enable companies immediately to provide interactive data submissions to the SEC using the April 28 version of the tags.

The SEC has had an interactive data pilot program for three years, beginning in 2005. It covered the financial statements of corporate filers. In addition, the SEC began an interactive data filing program for mutual fund risk return information in August 2007. Also last year, the SEC created an online database tagging executive compensation data for 500 large companies. Filers seeking a head start on data tagging are invited to formally join these SEC voluntary filing programs or informally practice with the new data tags.

More information is available at http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/xbrl.shtml.

Friday 9 May 2008

La CE engage une procédure contre la Bulgarie, l'Espagne, le Portugal et la Roumanie sur la impositon des dividendes

La Commission européenne a adressé à l'Espagne et au Portugal un avis motivé (deuxième étape de la procédure d’infraction prévue à l’article 226 du traité CE) au sujet de leur réglementation selon laquelle les dividendes versés aux fonds de pension étrangers sont plus lourdement imposés que les dividendes versés aux fonds de pension nationaux. Elle a également adressé une demande d'informations sous forme de lettre de mise en demeure (première étape de la procédure d'infraction) à la Bulgarie au sujet de sa réglementation selon laquelle les dividendes entrants versés aux entreprises peuvent être plus lourdement imposés que les dividendes domestiques, et à la Roumanie et à la Bulgarie au sujet de leur réglementation selon laquelle les dividendes sortants versés aux entreprises peuvent être plus lourdement imposés que les dividendes domestiques. Les quatre États membres sont invités à y répondre dans les deux mois. Parallèlement, la Commission a clos la procédure contre le Luxembourg concernant l'imposition plus élevée des dividendes sortants versés aux entreprises, ce pays ayant supprimé cette mesure discriminatoire.

Les dividendes sortants sont les dividendes payés par les entreprises d’un État aux actionnaires établis dans d’autres États. Les dividendes domestiques sont, quant à eux, les dividendes payés par les entreprises d’un État à des actionnaires de cet État. Les dividendes entrants sont les dividendes payés aux actionnaires d'un État par des entreprises établies dans d'autres États.

Dividendes sortants versés aux fonds de pension
Les fonds de pension sont généralement soumis à des règles fiscales différentes de celles appliquées aux entreprises. C'est pourquoi les règles fiscales applicables aux dividendes payés aux fonds de pension et celles applicables aux dividendes versés aux entreprises font l'objet d'une évaluation séparée.

L'Espagne exonère de l'imposition le revenu des fonds de pension et ils peuvent demander le remboursement de toute retenue à la source dans ce pays sur les dividendes versés. Les dividendes domestiques qu'ils perçoivent sont donc dans la pratique non imposés. En revanche, l'Espagne effectue une retenue à la source de 18 % sur les dividendes payés aux fonds de pension établis dans d'autres pays de l'UE ou les pays de l'EEE/AELE (Islande, Norvège et Liechtenstein). Cela aboutit à une imposition plus lourde des dividendes versés aux fonds de pension étrangers. Un taux de retenue à la source moins élevé peut être prévu dans le cadre de conventions fiscales bilatérales.

De la même manière, le Portugal exonère les dividendes perçus par les fonds de pension domestiques et effectue une retenue à la source de 25 % sur les dividendes payés aux fonds de pension établis dans d'autres pays de l'UE ou les pays de l'EEE/AELE.

L'imposition plus lourde des dividendes payés aux fonds de pension étrangers risque de dissuader ces fonds d'investir dans l'État membre pratiquant cette imposition. De la même façon, il pourrait être difficile pour les entreprises établies dans cet État membre d'attirer les capitaux des fonds de pension étrangers. L'imposition plus élevée des fonds de pension étrangers peut donc entraîner une restriction de la libre circulation des capitaux garantie par l'article 56 du traité CE et par l'article 40 de l'accord EEE. En cas de participation majoritaire des fonds de pension étrangers, cela peut également être à l'origine d'une restriction de la liberté d'établissement garantie par l'article 43 du traité CE et par l'article 34 de l'accord EEE. La Commission n’a connaissance d’aucun élément pouvant justifier de telles restrictions.
En ce qui concerne l'imposition plus lourde des dividendes payés aux fonds de pension étrangers, la Commission a déjà adressé des lettres de mise en demeure à la République tchèque, au Danemark, à l'Espagne, à la Lituanie, aux Pays-Bas, à la Pologne, au Portugal, à la Slovénie et à la Suède, et outres.

Faisant suite aux plaintes qui lui ont été transmises, la Commission examine la situation dans d’autres États membres. Cet examen pourrait déboucher sur l’ouverture de nouvelles procédures d’infraction.

Dividendes sortants versés aux entreprises
La lettre de mise en demeure adressée à la Roumanie porte sur l'imposition des dividendes versés à des entreprises établies dans d'autres pays de l'UE ou les pays de l'EEE/AELE.
Les dividendes domestiques sur les participations représentant jusqu'à 15 % des actions font l'objet d'une retenue à la source finale de 10 %. La Roumanie applique une retenue à la source de 16 % sur les dividendes sortants analogues. Ce taux peut être réduit dans le cadre de conventions fiscales bilatérales.

Les dividendes domestiques sur les participations de 15 % ou davantage ne sont pas imposés. En revanche, la Roumanie effectue une retenue à la source finale de 10 % sur les dividendes versés à des entreprises établies en Norvège et de 16 % sur des dividendes sortants analogues versés à des entreprises établies dans les autres pays de l'EEE/AELE.

La première lettre de mise en demeure adressée à la Bulgarie porte également sur l'imposition de dividendes versés à des entreprises établies dans d'autres pays de l'UE ou dans les pays de l'EEE/AELE. La Bulgarie exonère les dividendes domestiques de la retenue à la source ou de l'impôt sur les sociétés. Toutefois, les dividendes sortants versés aux entreprises établies dans l'UE avec une participation inférieure à 15 % sont soumis à une retenue à la source de 5 % (si la participation est égale ou supérieure à 15 %, la retenue n'est pas appliquée). Les dividendes sortants payés aux entreprises dans les autres pays de l'EEE/AELE font également l'objet d'une retenue à la source de 5 % quel que soit leur taux de participation.

L'imposition plus élevée des dividendes sortants versés aux entreprises peut donc entraîner une restriction de la libre circulation des capitaux garantie par l'article 56 du traité CE et par l'article 40 de l'accord EEE. De la même manière, dans les cas de participation majoritaire des entreprises étrangères, cela peut entraîner une restriction de la liberté d'établissement garantie par l'article 43 du traité CE et par l'article 34 de l'accord EEE. La Commission n’a connaissance d’aucun élément pouvant justifier de telles restrictions.

Concernant l'imposition plus lourde des dividendes versés aux entreprises, la Commission a déjà décidé de traduire la Belgique, l'Espagne, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas et le Portugal devant la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes le 22 janvier 2007. La Commission clôt maintenant la procédure engagée contre le Luxembourg (qui concernait uniquement les trois pays de l'EEE/AELE), ce pays ayant mis un terme à la discrimination moyennant sa loi du 27 décembre 2007.

Dividendes entrants versés aux entreprises
La seconde lettre de mise en demeure adressée à la Bulgarie porte sur l'imposition de dividendes versés par des entreprises établies dans d'autres pays de l'UE ou dans les pays de l'EEE/AELE à des entreprises établies en Bulgarie. Les dividendes domestiques perçus par les entreprises établies en Bulgarie ne sont pas imposables. Les dividendes entrants sur les participations inférieures à 15 % dans les entreprises d'autres États membres de l'UE sont imposés à hauteur de 10 % au même titre que tous les dividendes reçus des entreprises des pays de l'EEE/AELE. L'imposition plus élevée des dividendes entrants par rapport aux dividendes domestiques risque d'entraîner une restriction de la libre circulation des capitaux garantie par l'article 56 du traité CE et par l'article 40 de l'accord EEE. La Commission n’a connaissance d’aucun élément pouvant justifier de telles restrictions.

Wednesday 7 May 2008

La CE envia dictámenes motivados contra España y otros países en relación a la fiscalidad de los dividendos

La Comisión Europea ha enviado dictámenes motivados (el segundo paso del procedimiento de infracción previsto en el artículo 226 del Tratado CE) a España y Portugal en relación con sus normas, en virtud de las cuales los dividendos abonados a los fondos de pensiones extranjeros están gravados con más impuestos que los abonados a los fondos de pensiones nacionales. Ha enviado también solicitudes de información en forma de cartas de emplazamiento (el primer paso del procedimiento de infracción) a Bulgaria, en relación con sus normas, en virtud de las cuales pueden aplicarse impuestos más altos a los dividendos entrantes pagados a las empresas que a los dividendos nacionales, así como a Rumanía y Bulgaria, en relación con sus normas en virtud de las cuales los dividendos salientes pagados a las empresas pueden estar gravados con más impuestos que los dividendos nacionales. Se pide a los cuatro Estados miembros que respondan en el plazo de dos meses. Al mismo tiempo, la Comisión ha archivado el procedimiento contra Luxemburgo por aplicar impuestos más altos a los dividendos salientes pagados a las empresas, ya que Luxemburgo ha eliminado esta imposición discriminatoria.

Los dividendos salientes son los dividendos que abonan las empresas nacionales a los accionistas residentes en otros Estados. Los dividendos nacionales son los pagados por las empresas nacionales a sus accionistas nacionales. Los dividendos entrantes son los pagados por empresas establecidas en otros Estados a accionistas nacionales.

Dividendos salientes pagados a fondos de pensiones
Los fondos de pensiones suelen estar sujetos a normas fiscales diferentes a las de las empresas. Por eso se evalúan por separado las normas fiscales sobre los dividendos pagados a los fondos de pensiones y las aplicables a los dividendos pagados a las empresas.
En España, las rentas de los fondos de pensiones están exentas y dichos fondos pueden solicitar la devolución de cualquier retención a cuenta que España aplique a los dividendos que reciben. Por lo tanto, en la práctica, los dividendos nacionales que reciben están exentos de impuestos. En cambio, España impone una retención a cuenta del 18 % a los dividendos pagados a los fondos de pensiones establecidos en otro lugar de la UE o en los países del EEE/AELC (Islandia, Noruega y Liechtenstein). El resultado es que los dividendos pagados a los fondos de pensiones extranjeros soportan más impuestos. El tipo de la retención a cuenta puede ser inferior en virtud de convenios fiscales bilaterales.

Asimismo, en Portugal están exentos los dividendos que reciben los fondos de pensiones nacionales y se gravan con una retención a cuenta del 25 % los dividendos pagados a los fondos de pensiones establecidos en otro lugar de la EU o en los países del EEE/AELC.
El mayor nivel de imposición aplicado a los dividendos que se pagan a los fondos de pensiones extranjeros puede disuadir a estos fondos de invertir en el Estado miembro que impone el gravamen más elevado. De igual modo, las empresas establecidas en ese Estado miembro pueden encontrar dificultades para atraer capital de fondos de pensiones extranjeros. Por lo tanto, gravar con más impuestos los fondos de pensiones extranjeros tiene como resultado una restricción de la libre circulación del capital garantizada por el artículo 56 del Tratado CE y el artículo 40 del Acuerdo EEE. En el caso de los fondos de pensiones extranjeros con participación de control puede también producirse una restricción de la libertad de establecimiento, garantizada por el artículo 43 del Tratado CE y por el artículo 34 del Acuerdo EEE. La Comisión no conoce ninguna justificación para estas restricciones.

En relación con el mayor nivel de imposición de los dividendos pagados a los fondos de pensiones extranjeros, la Comisión ha enviado ya cartas de emplazamiento a la República Checa, Dinamarca, España, Lituania, los Países Bajos, Polonia, Portugal, Eslovenia y Suecia ( el 7 de mayo de 2007), a Italia y Finlandia (el 23 de julio de 2007) a Alemania y Estonia (el 31 de enero de 2008) y a Austria (el 23 de noviembre de 2007).
Como seguimiento de las denuncias que ha recibido, la Comisión está examinando aún la situación en otros Estados miembros, lo cual podría dar lugar al inicio de otros procedimientos de infracción.

Dividendos salientes pagados a empresas
La carta de emplazamiento dirigida a Rumanía se refiere a la imposición de los dividendos que se pagan a las empresas establecidas en otro lugar de la UE o en los países del EEE o la AELC.
Los dividendos nacionales sobre participaciones de hasta el 15 % de las acciones están sujetos a un impuesto a cuenta final del 10 %. Rumanía grava dividendos salientes similares con una retención a cuenta del 16 %, porcentaje que puede reducirse en virtud de convenios fiscales bilaterales.

Los dividendos nacionales sobre participaciones de al menos el 15 % están exentos de impuestos. En cambio, Rumanía impone una retención a cuenta final del 10 % a los dividendos pagados a las empresas establecidas en Noruega y del 16 % a dividendos salientes similares abonados a las empresas establecidas en los demás países del EEE/AELC.

La primera carta de emplazamiento dirigida a Bulgaria se refiere también a la imposición de los dividendos pagados a empresas que están establecidas en otro lugar de la UE o en los países del EEE/AELC. En Bulgaria, los dividendos nacionales están exentos de retención a cuenta y del impuesto de sociedades. Sin embargo, los dividendos salientes pagados a las empresas establecidas en la UE con una participación en acciones inferior al 15 % están sujetos a una retención a cuenta del 5 % (si la participación en acciones es de al menos el 15 % están exentos de esta retención). Los dividendos salientes pagados a las empresas en los demás países del EEE/AELC están sujetos también a una retención a cuenta del 5 %, con independencia del tamaño de su participación en acciones.

Un mayor gravamen de los dividendos salientes pagados a las empresas puede tener como resultado una restricción de la libre circulación de capitales garantizada por el artículo 56 del Tratado CE y por el artículo 40 del Acuerdo EEE. Asimismo, en el caso de los fondos de pensiones extranjeros con participaciones de control, puede producirse una restricción de la libertad de establecimiento garantizada por el artículo 43 del Tratado CE y el artículo 34 del Acuerdo del EEE. La Comisión no conoce ninguna justificación para estas restricciones.

En cuanto al mayor nivel de imposición de los dividendos pagados a las empresas, la Comisión decidió ya el 22 de enero de 2007 denunciar a Bélgica, España, Italia, los Países Bajos y Portugal ante el Tribunal de Justicia Europeo.

Dividendos entrantes pagados a empresas
La segunda carta de emplazamiento dirigida a Bulgaria se refería a la fiscalidad de los dividendos pagados por las empresas, establecidas en otro lugar de la UE o en los países del EEE/AELC a empresas con sede en Bulgaria. Los dividendos nacionales recibidos por las empresas con sede en Bulgaria están exentos de impuestos. Los dividendos entrantes sobre participaciones de menos del 15 % en empresas de otros Estados miembros de la UE están gravados al 10 %, al igual que todos los dividendos recibidos de empresas de los países de la AELC/EEE. Es probable que el mayor nivel de imposición de los dividendos entrantes que el de los dividendos nacionales restrinja la libre circulación de capitales garantizada por el artículo 56 del Tratado CE y el artículo 40 del Acuerdo EEE. La Comisión no conoce ninguna justificación para estas restricciones.

Tuesday 6 May 2008

CE takes steps against Bulgaria, Spain, Portugal and Romania relating to taxation on dividends

The European Commission has sent reasoned opinions (the second step of the infringement procedure of Article 226 of the EC Treaty) to Spain and Portugal about their rules under which dividends paid to foreign pension funds are taxed more heavily than dividends paid to domestic pension funds. It has also sent requests for information in the form of letters of formal notice (the first step of the infringement procedure) to Bulgaria about its rules under which inbound dividends paid to companies may be taxed more heavily than domestic dividends and to Romania and Bulgaria about their rules under which outbound dividends paid to companies may be taxed more heavily than domestic dividends. The four Member States are asked to reply within two months. At the same time the Commission has closed the case against Luxembourg on the higher taxation of outbound dividends paid to companies, as Luxembourg has eliminated the discriminatory taxation.

Outbound dividends are dividends paid by domestic companies to shareholders resident in other States. Domestic dividends are dividends paid by domestic companies to domestic shareholders. Inbound dividends are dividends paid by companies resident in other States to domestic shareholders.

Outbound dividends to pension funds
Pension funds are usually subject to different tax rules than companies. The tax rules on dividends paid to pension funds and those for dividends paid to companies are therefore assessed separately.

Spain exempts pension funds from tax on their income, and they can claim back any Spanish withholding tax on the dividends that they receive. The domestic dividends that they receive are thus effectively tax free. In contrast, Spain levies a withholding tax of 18% on dividends paid to pension funds established elsewhere in the EU or in the EEA/EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein). These result in the higher taxation of dividends paid to foreign pension funds. Bilateral tax treaties may provide for a lower withholding tax rate.
Similarly, Portugal exempts the dividends received by domestic pension funds and levies a withholding tax of 25% on dividends paid to pension funds established elsewhere in the EU or in the EEA/EFTA countries.

The higher tax on dividends paid to foreign pension funds may dissuade these funds from investing in the Member State levying the higher tax. Equally, companies established in that Member States may face difficulties in attracting capital from foreign pension funds. The higher taxation of foreign pension funds thus results in a restriction of the free movement of capital as protected by Article 56 EC and Article 40 EEA. In the case of controlling participation by the foreign pension funds, it may also result in a restriction of the freedom of establishment, protected by Article 43 EC and Article 34 EEA. The Commission is not aware of any justification for such restrictions.

Concerning the higher taxation of dividends paid to foreign pension funds, the Commission has already sent letters of formal notice to the Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Italy, Finland, Germany, Estonia and Austria.

Following up on the complaints it received, the Commission is still examining the situation in other Member States. This may result in the opening of further infringement procedures.

Outbound dividends to companies
The letter of formal notice to Romania concerns the taxation of dividends which are paid to companies, resident elsewhere in the EU or in the EEA/EFTA countries.
Domestic dividends on participations of up to 15% of the shares are subject to a final withholding tax of 10%. On similar outbound dividends, Romania levies a withholding tax of 16%. Bilateral tax treaties may reduce that rate.

Domestic dividends on participations of 15% or more are tax exempt. In contrast, Romania levies a final withholding tax of 10% on dividends paid to companies resident in Norway and of 16% on similar outbound dividends paid to companies resident in the other EEA/EFTA countries.

The first letter of formal notice to Bulgaria also concerns the taxation of dividends paid to companies which are resident elsewhere in the EU or in the EEA/EFTA countries. Bulgaria exempts domestic dividends from withholding tax or corporation tax. However, outbound dividends paid to companies resident in the EU with a shareholding of less than 15% are subject to a withholding tax of 5% (if shareholding is of 15% or more they are exempt from withholding tax.). Outbound dividends paid to companies in the other EEA/EFTA countries are also subject to a withholding tax of 5%, regardless of the size of their shareholding.

Higher taxation of outbound dividends paid to companies may result in a restriction of the free movement of capital as protected by Article 56 EC and Article 40 EEA. Similarly, in the case of controlling participations by the foreign companies, it may result in a restriction of the freedom of establishment, protected by Article 43 EC and Article 34 EEA. The Commission is not aware of any justification for such restrictions.

Concerning the higher taxation of dividends paid to companies the Commission has already decided to refer Belgium, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal to the European Court of Justice on 22 January 2007. The Commission is now closing the case against Luxembourg (which concerned only the three EEA/EFTA countries), since Luxembourg eliminated the discrimination through its law of 27 December 2007.

Inbound dividends to companies
The second letter of formal notice to Bulgaria concerns the taxation of dividends paid by companies, resident elsewhere in the EU or in the EEA/EFTA countries to companies resident in Bulgaria. Domestic dividends received by companies resident in Bulgaria are tax exempt. Inbound dividends on participations of less than 15% in companies of other EU Member States are taxed at 10%, just like all dividends received from companies of the EFTA/EEA countries.

The higher taxation of inbound dividends than of domestic dividends is likely to restrict the free movement of capital as protected by Article 56 EC and Article 40 EEA. The Commission is not aware of any justification for such restrictions.

Sunday 4 May 2008

CE requests Hungary to end discriminative tax incentives for R&D

The European Commission has formally requested Hungary to change its tax law provisions which limit the granting of a tax incentive to taxpayers who engage in research or development activities performed on premises located in Hungary. The provisions are incompatible with the freedom to provide services as guaranteed by Article 49 of the EC Treaty and Article 36 of the EEA Agreement. The request takes the form of a reasoned opinion (second step of the infringement procedure provided for in Article 226 of the EC Treaty). If there is no satisfactory reaction to the Reasoned Opinion within two months, the Commission may decide to refer the matter to the European Court of Justice.

Under Hungarian Law, basic research, applied research or experimental development services performed on premises managed by a research institution (research facility) founded by a Hungarian institution of higher education or the Hungarian Academy of Sciences are treated more favourably than similar R&D activities performed on similar premises located in other EU Member States or EEA/EFTA countries.

As a result, these provisions discourage Hungarian companies and entrepreneurs from carrying out their R&D activities in other EU Member States or EEA/EFTA countries and therefore impede the free provision of services as guaranteed by Article 49 of the EC Treaty and Article 36 of the EEA Agreement.